The man whose name and reputation will forever be linked with events at Homestead is Andrew Carnegie. 1900: The first zeppelin is test-flown.1896: First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens.Dreyfus will later be cleared of all charges, but the Dreyfus case illustrates-and exacerbates-the increasingly virulent anti-Semitism that pervades France. 1894: French army captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, is convicted of treason.1893: New Zealand is the first nation in the world to grant the vote to women.1893: Henry Ford builds his first automobile.Nine people are killed-two of them children-and sixty more are injured. 1891: French troops open fire on workers during a 1 May demonstration at Fourmies, where employees of the Sans Pareille factory are striking for an eight-hour workday.Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act, which in the years that follow will be used to break up large monopolies. 1888: Serbian-born American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla develops a practical system for generating and transmitting alternating current (AC), which will ultimately-and after an extremely acrimonious battle-replace Thomas Edison's direct current (DC) in most homes and businesses.1885: German engineer Karl Friedrich Benz builds the first true automobile.The leader of the nationalist movement is Charles Stewart Parnell, but the use of assassination and terrorism-which Parnell himself has disavowed-makes clear the fact that he does not control all nationalist groups.
Hayes despite a slight popular majority for his opponent, Samuel J. Electoral Commission awards the presidency to Rutherford B. 1877: In the face of uncertain results from the popular vote in the presidential election of 1876, the U.S.Grant are accused of receiving stock in exchange for favors, is the first of many scandals that are to plague Grant's second term. 1872: The Crédit Mobilier affair, in which several officials in the administration of President Ulysses S.On 20 November the remaining union members voted to return to work. On 17 November 1892, 300 of the locked-out workers successfully reapplied for work at the mill on a nonunion basis. This allowed management to bring in replacement workers. On 10 July the governor of Pennsylvania called in 8,500 Pennsylvania National Guardsmen, who quickly restored order. The agents escaped by rail that night under sheriff's custody. After the Pinkertons surrendered, the crowd marched the survivors through the streets of Homestead, beating and kicking them.
Ten people died in the fighting, including three detectives and seven townspeople. Tipped off about their arrival, a mob met the barges and started a gun battle that lasted all day. On the morning of 6 July, two barges carrying 300 Pinkerton agents sailed up the Monongahela River toward Homestead to protect the new nonunion workers whom Carnegie Steel planned to hire to return the mill to operation. When its contract with the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers expired on 29 June 1892, Carnegie Steel management locked out the 3,800 employees who worked there. In early 1892 the Carnegie Steel Company built a fence around its Homestead, Pennsylvania, mill. Besides being one of the most violent episodes in American labor history, the importance of the Homestead lockout derives from two factors: the fame of the men who ran Carnegie Steel and the effect that it had on the Amalgamated Association, thought to be the strongest union of its day.
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